The High Expression of PD-1 Defines A Subpopulation of Tfh Cells Responding to COVID-19 Vaccine in Humans.

In summary, the authors identified a group of PD-1high cTfh cells induced by COVID-19 vaccination, which can enhance humoral responses and exhibit the long-term persistence against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

The study obtained cell-concentration and viability measurements from the study's cell samples with Countstar Rigel S2 before single-cell analysis in the 2025 Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics study.