Mussel inspired 3D elastomer enabled rapid calvarial bone regeneration through recruiting more osteoprogenitors from the dura mater.

The showed that a matched and effective PDA interface formed on a well-proportioned elastomer, which effectively modulated the polarization of M2 macrophages and promoted the recruitment of dural cells to achieve full-thickness bone repair through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

Researchers used Countstar (model not specified) to assess cell viability in the study's cell samples before single-cell analysis in the 2024 Regenerative biomaterials study.