Multi-omics reveals microbiota, metabolite, and immunological heterogeneity of age-related endotypes in type 1 diabetes.

Together, these findings provide a molecular framework for understanding age-related T1D endotypes and suggest potential targets for precision intervention. An integrated multi-omics interaction network revealed 665 direct microbiota-gene connections and 2,608 microbiota-metabolite/lipid-gene triadic interactions, highlighting a D. invisus-docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)-STMN1 axis mediating B-cell activation in early-onset T1D.

Countstar (model not specified) measured cell numbers in the study's cell samples during quality assessment for the immune-cell research.